SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple Present

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HERE I AM BY AIR SUPPLY

Sena Ingles Para Todos Los Colombianos

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Sena Ingles Para Todos Los Colombianos

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WE ARE THE WORLD

MARCO POLO

Marco Polo was born in 1254, in Venice, Italy. His father, Niccolò Polo was a merchant who traded with the Middle East, achieving considerable wealth and prestige. Niccolò and his brother Maffeo set off on a trading voyage, before Marco was born. In 1260, Maffeo and Niccolò resided in Constantinople, where they foresaw a political change and liquidated their assets into jewels to move away.According to The Travels of Marco Polo, the brothers traveled through much of Asia, and met with the Kublai Khan.

Meanwhile Marco Polo's mother died, and he was raised by his aunt and uncle. He was well educated, and learned merchant subjects including foreign currency, appraising, and handling cargo ships, although he learned little or no Latin.


Voyages

The Polo family arrives in a Chinese city.In 1269, Marco Polo's father and uncle returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo (at seventeen years of age), his father, and his uncle set off for Asia; their extensive adventures were later documented in Marco's book. In 1295, 24 years after they started their journey, they returned to Venice with many riches and treasures which the Khan had given them. They had probably traveled nearly 15,000 miles (24,100 kilometres).


Captivity
On their return, Venice was at war with Genoa, and Marco Polo was held prisoner in 1296. He spent the few months of his imprisonment dictating a detailed account of his travels in the then-little-known parts of China to a fellow prisoner, Rustichello da Pisa. These stories incorporated tales of his own, as well as other collected anecdotes and current affairs from China, and became know in English as The Travels of Marco Polo. Depicting and detailing Polo's journeys throughout Asia, it gave Europeans their first comprehensive look into the inner workings of China, India, and Japan, among others.

Marco Polo was finally released from captivity in August 1299 and returned home to Venice, where his father and uncles had bought a large house in the central quarter named contrada San Giovanni Crisostomo with the company's profits. The company continued its activities and Marco soon became a wealthy merchant. Although he personally financed other expeditions, he would never leave Venice again. In 1300, he married Donata Badoer, the daughter of Vitale Badoer, a merchant. Marco would have three children with her: Fantina, Bellela and Moreta.

english language

Parts of the House

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Parts of the House

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I WANT IT THAT WAY

I WANT IT THAT WAY (BACK STREET BOYS)



Yeah
You are my fire
The one desire
Believe when I say
I want it that way
But we are two worlds apart
Can't reach to your heart
When you say
That I want it that way
[Chorus:]
Tell me why Ain't nothin' but a heartache
Tell me why Ain't nothin' but a mistake
Tell me why I never wanna hear you say
I want it that way
Am I your fire
Your one desire
Yes I know it's too late
But I want it that way
[Chorus] Now I can see that we're falling apart
From the way that it used to be,
yeah No matter the distance
I want you to know That deep down inside of me...
You are my fire
The one desire
You are You are, you are, you are
Don't wanna hear you say
Ain't nothin' but a heartache
Ain't nothin' but a mistake (Don't wanna hear you say)
I never wanna hear you say
I want it that way Tell me why
Ain't nothin' but a heartache
Tell me why Ain't nothin but a mistake
Tell me why I never wanna hear you say
(Don't wanna hear you say it)
I want it that way I want it that way

MARTIN LUTHER KING

MARTIN LUTHER KING

¨YOU SEE THINGS AND YOU SAY WHY? BUT, I DREAM THINGS THAT NEVER WERE AND I SAY WHY NOT?¨

Martin Luther King Jr. has now been dead longer than he lived. But what an extraordinary life it was.

At 33, he was pressing the case of civil rights with President John Kennedy. At 34, he galvanized the nation with his "I Have a Dream" speech. At 35, he won the Nobel Peace Prize. At 39, he was assassinated, but he left a legacy of hope and inspiration that continues today.

Later that year King was a principal speaker at the historic March on Washington, where he delivered one of the most passionate addresses of his career. Time magazine designated him as its Person of the Year for 1963. A few months later he was named recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. When he returned from Norway, where he had gone to accept the award, King took on new challenges. In Selma, Ala., he led a voter-registration campaign that ended in the Selma-to-Montgomery Freedom March. King next brought his crusade to Chicago, where he launched programs to rehabilitate the slums and provide housing.
Death came for King on April 4, 1968, on the balcony of the black-owned Lorraine Hotel just off Beale Street. While standing outside with Jesse Jackson and Ralph Abernathy, King was shot in the neck by a rifle bullet. His death caused a wave of violence in major cities across the country.

However, King's legacy has lived on. In 1969, his widow, Coretta Scott King, organized the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change.

RODOLFO LLINAS

Autor: Carlos Enrique Parra Bösenberg (especial para Universia)

Considerado como uno de los padres de las neurociencias modernas, el colombiano Rodolfo Llinás Riascos se ubica en la cima de la investigación científica en el mundo. Cuarenta años estudiando el cerebro humano y el funcionamiento de las neuronas le han valido cinco doctorados Honoris Causa, así como un sinnúmero de premios y reconocimientos.

Perfil elaborado en noviembre de 2005

El cerebro es el órgano vital más importante que tenemos los seres vivos, ya que registra toda la existencia. Retiene, recuerda y asocia, nos dice qué hacer y cómo, nos da la capacidad de soñar, es nuestra conciencia, determina quiénes somos y en qué nos convertiremos, nos guía si estamos en peligro o cuando experimentamos alguna sensación agradable, reconocemos el mundo exterior a través suyo y efectuamos todas nuestras acciones de acuerdo con sus órdenes.

“La comunicación neuronal es la encargada de construir nuestra vida, lo que es demostrable hoy en día por medio de aparatos con altísimos niveles tecnológicos como el electroencefalógrafo, el cual es capaz de medir y registrar la actividad y funciones del cerebro”, explica el científico colombiano Rodolfo Llinás.

De niño, creció en un ambiente que le permitió desarrollar la creatividad, el pensamiento lógico y el razonamiento por inducción y deducción, postulados que hoy defiende como único camino para alcanzar una buena educación en las escuelas y colegios y para que los jóvenes desarrollen niveles de comprensión lógica para desenvolverse mejor en el mundo.

Desarmaba todo cuanto podía para saber cómo funcionaban los objetos, siempre motivado por su curiosidad insaciable y la complicidad de su padre y de su abuelo, quienes le abrieron las puertas del universo científico al llevar a la cotidianidad del hogar los temas de la medicina y de la psiquiatría, que eran sus respectivas profesiones. Ambos se encargaron de darle los espacios para desarrollar su inquietud personal sobre el funcionamiento del cuerpo, de la mente humana y de las causas y efectos de los fenómenos naturales.



Dr. Llinás, the chairman of neuroscience and physiology at the N.Y.U. School of Medicine, believes that abnormal brain rhythms help account for a variety of serious disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, tinnitus and depression. His theory may explain why the technique called deep brain stimulation — implanting electrodes into particular regions of the brain — often alleviates the symptoms of movement disorders like Parkinson’s.

The theory is far from widely accepted, and most neurosurgeons say the mechanisms behind deep brain stimulation remain a mystery. Still, surgeons like Dr. Kelly are excited about the research, saying it suggests new targets for treating a variety of disorders.

“It’s a mystery to me why it took me so long to get what Rodolfo was saying,” Dr. Kelly said. “I’d like to latch on to the excuse that I was too busy. In truth, I was too dumb to listen. Now I tell my younger colleagues, ‘Listen to this man.’ He’s on to something that can revolutionize neurosurgery and our understanding of how the brain works.”

Dr. Llinás (pronounced yee-NAHS), born in Colombia 73 years ago, has long followed his own instincts.

Unlike neuroscientists who study the brain’s outer layer, or cortex, he has focused his attention on the thalamus, a paired structure in the midbrain. He has found that each walnut-size thalamus has 30 or more nuclei, each of which specializes in one type of information collected from the senses — sights, sounds, movements, external touches, internal feelings and so on.

Each nucleus sends its message to a specific area of the cortex for initial processing. But then the information is shuttled back down to the thalamus, where it is associated with other senses. And then it is returned to the cortex in a richer, multisensory form that is constantly elaborated, reverberating into a symphony of life experiences.

The thalamus and cortex work dynamically by passing loops of information back and forth, Dr. Llinás said. “If you think of the brain as an orchestra, the thalamus is the conductor. The players are in the cortex. When the conductor makes a move, the players follow. The conductor then hears their sounds and makes new moves, resulting in a continuous dialogue.”

Cells in the thalamus and cortex rely on intrinsic electrical properties to keep the music going. “Groups of neurons, millions strong, act like little hearts beating all their own,” Dr. Llinás said. They can oscillate at multiple frequencies, depending on what is happening in the outside world.

When the brain is awake, neurons in the cortex and thalamus oscillate at the same high frequency, called gamma. “It’s like a Riverdance performance,” Dr. Llinás continued. “Some cells are tapping in harmony and some are silent, creating myriads of patterns that represent the properties of the external world. Cells with the same rhythm form circuits to bind information in time. Such coherent activity allows you to see and hear, to be alert and able to think.”

But at day’s end, cells in the thalamus naturally enter a low-frequency oscillation. They burst slowly instead of firing rapidly. With the thalamus thrumming at a slower rhythm, the cortex follows along. You fall asleep. Your brain is still tapping out slow rhythms, but consciousness is suspended.

Dr. Llinás believes that these disrupted rhythms can be set off by a variety of causes — faulty genes, brain injury, chemical imbalance. In the case of his colleague Dr. Kelly, a small portion of the auditory cortex was damaged by helicopter noise. Dr. Llinás spotted it in the MEG machine — a spot oscillating as if in light sleep.

Tinnitus and other dysrhythmias can be treated with deep brain stimulation, drugs or tiny surgical lesions that return brain oscillations to normal, he said. The goal is to wake up parts of the brain that have fallen into low-frequency sleep mode.

THE NEW YORK TIMES, SCIENTISTS AT WORK, DECEMBER 1 2008